Skeletal phenotype amelioration in mucopolysaccharidosis VI requires intervention at the earliest stages of postnatal development.

Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) is a rare lysosomal disease arising from impaired function of the enzyme arylsulfatase B (ARSB). This impairment causes aberrant accumulation of dermatan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) abundant in cartilage. While clinical severity varies along with age at first symptom manifestation, MPS VI usually presents early and strongly affects the skeleton. Current enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) does not provide effective treatment for the skeletal manifestations of MPS VI. This lack of efficacy may be due to an inability of ERT to reach affected cells or to the irreversibility of the disease. To address the question of reversibility of skeletal phenotypes, we generated a conditional by inversion (COIN) mouse model of MPS VI, ArsbCOIN/COIN, wherein Arsb is initially null and can be restored to WT using Cre. We restored Arsb at different times during postnatal development, using a tamoxifen-dependent global Cre driver. By restoring Arsb at P7, P21, and P56-P70, we determined that skeletal phenotypes can be fully rescued if Arsb restoration occurs at P7, while only achieving partial rescue at P21 and no significant rescue at P56-P70. This work has highlighted the importance of early intervention in patients with MPS VI to maximize therapeutic impact.

Persistent bone and joint disease despite current treatments for mucopolysaccharidosis types I, II, and VI: Data from a 10-year prospective study.

The mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) disorders have many potential new therapies on the horizon. Thus, historic control data on disease progression and variability are urgently needed. We conducted a 10-year prospective observational study of 55 children with MPS IH (N = 23), MPS IA (N = 10), non-neuronopathic MPS II (N = 13), and MPS VI (N = 9) to systematically evaluate bone and joint disease. Annual measurements included height, weight, and goniometry. Mixed effects modeling was used to evaluate changes over time. All participants had been treated with hematopoietic cell transplantation and/or enzyme replacement therapy. Height z-score decreased over time in MPS IH, MPS II, and MPS VI, but not MPS IA. Adult heights were 136 ± 10 cm in MPS IH, 161 ± 11 cm in MPS IA, 161 ± 14 cm in MPS II, and 128 ± 15 cm in MPS VI. Adult average BMI percentiles were high: 75 ± 30%ile in MPS IH, 71 ± 37%ile in MPS IA, 71 ± 25%ile in MPS II, and 60 ± 42%ile in MPS VI. Every participant had joint contractures of the shoulders, elbows, hips, and/or knees. Joint contractures remained stable over time. In conclusion, despite current treatments for MPS I, II, and VI, short stature and joint contractures persist. The elevation in average BMI may be related, in part, to physical inactivity due to the ongoing bone and joint disease. Data from this longitudinal historical control study may be used to expedite testing of experimental bone and joint directed therapies and to highlight the need for weight management as part of routine clinical care for patients with MPS.

Novel chorioretinal findings in two siblings with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI.

PURPOSE: To describe and compare the systemic and ocular findings in two siblings with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome), one treated with recombinant galsulfase, and one who was untreated. METHOD: One female patient aged 33 years (case 1) who had received galsulfase enzyme replacement therapy for 11 years, and her younger male sibling by 3 years (case 2), who had declined systemic treatment, underwent clinical ophthalmic examination and retinal ocular coherence tomography. The female sibling underwent electrophysiology testing of visual function. RESULTS: Case 1 had best corrected visual acuity right 6/4.8 and left 6/6. Case 2 had best corrected visual acuity of 6/6 in each eye. Case 1 had bilateral mild corneal haze and a clinically unremarkable posterior segment examination. Case 2 had bilateral very mild corneal haze and retinal striae on examination. Ocular coherence tomography showed choroidal folds at the maculae in both patients, more pronounced in Case 2, who also had retinal folds and epiretinal membrane. Electroretinography showed very mild involvement of the rods only in Case 1. CONCLUSION: These two siblings with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI, one treated and one untreated, displayed variable levels of systemic, corneal, and chorioretinal involvement in their disease Further studies of choroidal changes in MPS VI may prove useful as a biomarker of ocular response to treatment outside the blood-retina barrier. Both patients have provided written consent to publish case details.

Cardiac involvement in MPS patients: incidence and response to therapy in an Italian multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders caused by the deficit of lysosomal hydrolases involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The course is chronic and progressive, with multisystemic involvement that often leads to cardiovascular disease. We describe the overall incidence and type of cardiac damage in a cohort of Italian MPS patients, and their progression over time, also with reference to treatment efficacy in patients under Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT). Moreover, we report a possible association between genetic variants and cardiac phenotype in homozygous and hemizygous patients to understand whether a more aggressive clinical phenotype would predict a greater cardiac damage. RESULTS: Our findings confirm that cardiac involvement is very common, already at diagnosis, in MPS VI (85.7% of our cohort), and in MPS II (68% of our cohort) followed by MPS I subjects (55% of our cohort). The most frequent heart defect observed in each MPS and at any time-point of evaluation was mitral insufficiency; 37% of our patients had mitral insufficiency already at diagnosis, and 60% at post-ERT follow-up. After at least six years of treatment, we observed in some cases (including 6 MPS II, 2 MPS IV and 2 MPS VI) a total regression or improvement of some signs of the cardiac pathology, including some valve defects, though excluding aortic insufficiency, the only valvulopathy for which no regression was found despite ERT. The general clinical phenotype proved not to be strictly correlated with the cardiac one, in fact in some cases patients with an attenuated phenotype developed more severe heart damage than patients with severe phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our analysis confirms the wide presence of cardiopathies, at different extent, in the MPS population. Since cardiac pathology is the main cause of death in many MPS subtypes, it is necessary to raise awareness among cardiologists about early cardiac morpho-structural abnormalities. The encouraging data regarding the long-term effects of ERT, also on heart damage, underlines the importance of an early diagnosis and timely start of ERT.

Spinal cord compression in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis.

PURPOSE: Spinal abnormalities frequently occur in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) types I, II, IV, and VI. The symptoms are manifold, which sometimes prolongs the diagnostic process and delays therapy. Spinal stenosis (SS) with spinal cord compression due to bone malformations and an accumulation of storage material in soft tissue are serious complications of MPS disease. Data on optimal perioperative therapeutic care of SS is limited. METHODS: A retrospective chart analysis of patients with MPS and SS for the time period 01/1998 to 03/2021 was performed. Demographics, clinical data, neurological status, diagnostic evaluations (radiography, MRI, electrophysiology), and treatment modalities were documented. The extent of the SS and spinal canal diameter were analyzed. A Cox regression analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors for neurological outcomes. RESULTS: Out of 209 MPS patients, 15 were included in this study. The most dominant type of MPS was I (-H) (n = 7; 46.7%). Preoperative neurological deterioration was the most frequent indication for further diagnostics (n = 12; 80%). The surgical procedure of choice was dorsal instrumentation with microsurgical decompression (n = 14; 93.3%). A univariate Cox regression analysis showed MPS type I (-H) to be associated with favorable neurological outcomes. CONCLUSION: Early detection of spinal stenosis is highly relevant in patients with MPS. Detailed neurological assessment during follow-up is crucial for timeous detection of patients at risk. The surgical intervention of choice is dorsal instrumentation with microsurgical decompression and resection of thickened intraspinal tissue. Patients with MPS type I (-H) demonstrated the best neurological course.

Monitoramento do horizonte tecnológico: Galsulfase no tratamento da mucopolissacaridose tipo VI / Monitoring the technological horizon: Galsulfase in the treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI

CONDIÇÃO CLÍNICA: Mucopolissacaridose tipo VI (MPS-VI) A MPS-VI, ou Síndrome Maroteaux-Lamy, é uma doença genética rara, causada pela atividade deficiente da enzima Nacetilgalactosamina-4-sulfatase ou arilsulfatase B(ASB), responsável pela degradação do glicosaminoglicano (GAGs) dermatan sulfato (DS), resultando no acúmulo desse componente nos lisossomos de múltiplos tecidos do corpo. Pacientes com a forma rapidamente progressiva apresentam mortalidade precoce no início da fase adulta, geralmente por insuficiência cardiopulmonar. Nas formas com progressão lenta, as morbidades também podem ser significativas com mortalidade em torno da terceira a quinta década de vida.O Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) da doença inclui intervenções gerais e específicas. Entre estas, encontram-se o transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH) e a terapia de reposição enzimática com galsulfase. TECNOLOGIA: galsulfase (Naglazyme®) Medicamento que atua como terapia de reposição enzimática específica para pacientes com MPS-VI. A dose recomendada é de 1 mg por kg de peso corporal, administrados uma vez por semana em infusão intravenosa. HISTÓRICO DA INCORPORAÇÃO: Incorporação em dezembro de 2018, condicionada a reavaliação em três anos. Relatório Técnico da Conitec nº 412, de dezembro de 2018. Portaria de incorporação SCTIE/MS nº 83, de 20 de dezembro de 2018. PCDT publicado pela Portaria Conjunta SAS/SCTIE/MS nº 20, de 05 de dezembro de 2019. Inclusão do procedimento na Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos, Órteses/Próteses e Materiais Especiais do SUS pela Portaria SAES/MS nº 1.020, de 22 de outubro de 2020. EVIDÊNCIAS CLÍNICAS: Melhora observada em mortalidade, resistência física (teste de caminhada e subida de escadas), excreção urinária de glicosaminoglicanos, e boa tolerabilidade com o medicamento. Foram incluídos 23 estudos, com pacientes acompanhados por até 15 anos. Cinco estudos foram realizados com a participação de centros ou autores brasileiros. Nenhum ensaio clínico randomizado foi publicado após a incorporação do medicamento. UTILIZAÇÃO DO MEDICAMENTO NO SUS: Início da dispensação em janeiro de 2021, com o atendimento de 183 pacientes até novembro de 2021. Aquisição do medicamento realizada com preço unitário de R$ 4.293,57. Não há informações clínicas disponíveis sobre o desempenho do medicamento no contexto do SUS. No momento da incorporação, previu-se o atendimento a 183 pacientes no primeiro ano de incorporação, com preço proposto de R$ 3.986,60. IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO OBSERVADO: R$ 96.867.232,77 entre janeiro e novembro de 2021. Previu-se na incorporação um impacto orçamentário de R$ 255.792.054 no primeiro ano. O valor observado foi inferior ao esperado devido ao acesso gradual dos pacientes ao longo dos meses. MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO: Não foram identificadas tecnologias em fase de pesquisa clínica 3 ou 4 em andamento para o tratamento da MPS-VI. Há três tecnologias em fase 1 e 2 de pesquisa clínica: Odiparcil, de uso oral, em fase 2a; Lysosan™, de administração subcutânea, em fase 1/2; e AAV2/8.TBG.hARSB, administrado por via intravenosa, em fase ½. ESTUDO DE SITUAÇÃO PATENTÁRIA: Foi identificada a patente PI0316039 associada ao medicamento, de titularidade da Biomarin, com vigência até 2023. RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: O Plenário da Conitec, em sua 105ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 10 de fevereiro de 2021, recomendou a continuidade do monitoramento da galsulfase para mucopolissacaridose tipo VI, considerando a implementação recente da tecnologia no SUS.

Monitoramento do horizonte tecnológico: Alfaelosulfase no tratamento da mucopolissacaridose tipo IV A / Monitoring the technological horizon: Elosulfase alpha in the treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis type IV A

CONDIÇÃO CLÍNICA: Mucopolissacaridose tipo IVa (MPS-IVA) A MPS-IVA (ou síndrome de Morquio A; MIM 253000) é uma doença rara caracterizada pela deficiência da enzima Nacetilglucosamina-6-sulfatase (GALNS), que causa um acúmulo de sulfato de queratana e condroitina-6-sulfato em vários tecidos, principalmente ossos, cartilagens, válvulas cardíacas e córneas, levando à displasia esquelética com ossificação incompleta e falhas no crescimento. A compressão da medula espinhal é uma complicação comum que resulta em comprometimento neurológico. O Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) da doença inclui intervenções gerais e específicas. Entre estas, encontram-se o transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH) e a terapia de reposição enzimática com alfaelosulfase. TECNOLOGIA: alfaelosulfase (Vimizim®) Medicamento que atua como terapia de reposição enzimática específica para pacientes com MPS-IVA. A dose recomendada é de 2 mg por kg de peso corporal, administrados uma vez por semana em infusão intravenosa. HISTÓRICO DA INCORPORAÇÃO: Incorporação em dezembro de 2018, condicionada à reavaliação em três anos. Relatório Técnico da Conitec nº 411, de dezembro de 2018. Portaria de incorporação SCTIE/MS nº 82, de 20 de dezembro de 2018. PCDT publicado pela Portaria Conjunta SAS/SCTIE/MS nº 19, de 04 de dezembro de 2019. Inclusão do procedimento na Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos, Órteses/Próteses e Materiais Especiais do SUS pela Portaria SAES/MS nº 1.137, de 18 de dezembro de 2020. EVIDÊNCIAS CLÍNICAS: Melhora observada em qualidade de vida (domínio autocuidado) nos pacientes tratados com alfaelosulfase até 120 semanas, comparada ao basal, mas com valores semelhantes aos encontrados em controles históricos, com certeza muito baixa da evidência; melhora observada no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e redução nos níveis de sulfato de queratana na urina comparado ao basal em até 120 semanas, com certeza muito baixa da evidência. Foram incluídos 16 estudos, com alto risco de viés. Nenhum ensaio clínico randomizado foi publicado após a incorporação do medicamento. UTILIZAÇÃO DO MEDICAMENTO NO SUS: Início da dispensação em fevereiro de 2021, com o atendimento de 119 pacientes até novembro de 2021. Aquisição do medicamento realizada com preço unitário de R$ 2.532,34. Não há informações clínicas disponíveis sobre o desempenho do medicamento no contexto do SUS. No momento da incorporação, previu-se o atendimento a 95 pacientes no primeiro ano de incorporação, com preço proposto de R$ 2.351,29. IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO OBSERVADO: R$ 37.777.448,12 entre fevereiro e novembro de 2021. Previu-se na incorporação um impacto orçamentário de R$ 156.489.434 no primeiro ano. O valor observado foi inferior ao esperado devido ao acesso gradual dos pacientes ao longo dos meses. MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO: Não foram identificadas tecnologias em fase de pesquisa clínica 2, 3 ou 4 em andamento para o tratamento da MPS-IVA. ESTUDO DE SITUAÇÃO PATENTÁRIA: Foram identificados dois pedidos de patente depositados no Brasil, que seguem em análise pelo trâmite convencional do INPI: BR122019020930 e PI0906948. RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: O Plenário da Conitec, em sua 105ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 10 de fevereiro de 2021, recomendou a continuidade do monitoramento da alfaelosulfase para mucopolissacaridose tipo IVa, considerando a implementação recente da tecnologia no SUS.(AU)

Monitoramento do horizonte tecnológico: Galsulfase no tratamento da mucopolissacaridose tipo VI / Monitoring the technological horizon: Galsulfase in the treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI

CONDIÇÃO CLÍNICA: Mucopolissacaridose tipo VI (MPS-VI) A MPS-VI, ou Síndrome Maroteaux-Lamy, é uma doença genética rara, causada pela atividade deficiente da enzima Nacetilgalactosamina-4-sulfatase ou arilsulfatase B(ASB), responsável pela degradação do glicosaminoglicano (GAGs) dermatan sulfato (DS), resultando no acúmulo desse componente nos lisossomos de múltiplos tecidos do corpo. Pacientes com a forma rapidamente progressiva apresentam mortalidade precoce no início da fase adulta, geralmente por insuficiência cardiopulmonar. Nas formas com progressão lenta, as morbidades também podem ser significativas com mortalidade em torno da terceira a quinta década de vida.O Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) da doença inclui intervenções gerais e específicas. Entre estas, encontram-se o transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH) e a terapia de reposição enzimática com galsulfase. TECNOLOGIA: galsulfase (Naglazyme®) Medicamento que atua como terapia de reposição enzimática específica para pacientes com MPS-VI. A dose recomendada é de 1 mg por kg de peso corporal, administrados uma vez por semana em infusão intravenosa. HISTÓRICO DA INCORPORAÇÃO: Incorporação em dezembro de 2018, condicionada a reavaliação em três anos. Relatório Técnico da Conitec nº 412, de dezembro de 2018. Portaria de incorporação SCTIE/MS nº 83, de 20 de dezembro de 2018. PCDT publicado pela Portaria Conjunta SAS/SCTIE/MS nº 20, de 05 de dezembro de 2019. Inclusão do procedimento na Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos, Órteses/Próteses e Materiais Especiais do SUS pela Portaria SAES/MS nº 1.020, de 22 de outubro de 2020. EVIDÊNCIAS CLÍNICAS: Melhora observada em mortalidade, resistência física (teste de caminhada e subida de escadas), excreção urinária de glicosaminoglicanos, e boa tolerabilidade com o medicamento. Foram incluídos 23 estudos, com pacientes acompanhados por até 15 anos. Cinco estudos foram realizados com a participação de centros ou autores brasileiros. Nenhum ensaio clínico randomizado foi publicado após a incorporação do medicamento. UTILIZAÇÃO DO MEDICAMENTO NO SUS: Início da dispensação em janeiro de 2021, com o atendimento de 183 pacientes até novembro de 2021. Aquisição do medicamento realizada com preço unitário de R$ 4.293,57. Não há informações clínicas disponíveis sobre o desempenho do medicamento no contexto do SUS. No momento da incorporação, previu-se o atendimento a 183 pacientes no primeiro ano de incorporação, com preço proposto de R$ 3.986,60. IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO OBSERVADO: R$ 96.867.232,77 entre janeiro e novembro de 2021. Previu-se na incorporação um impacto orçamentário de R$ 255.792.054 no primeiro ano. O valor observado foi inferior ao esperado devido ao acesso gradual dos pacientes ao longo dos meses. MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO: Não foram identificadas tecnologias em fase de pesquisa clínica 3 ou 4 em andamento para o tratamento da MPS-VI. Há três tecnologias em fase 1 e 2 de pesquisa clínica: Odiparcil, de uso oral, em fase 2a; Lysosan™, de administração subcutânea, em fase 1/2; e AAV2/8.TBG.hARSB, administrado por via intravenosa, em fase 1/2. ESTUDO DE SITUAÇÃO PATENTÁRIA: Foi identificada a patente PI0316039 associada ao medicamento, de titularidade da Biomarin, com vigência até 2023. RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: O Plenário da Conitec, em sua 105ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 10 de fevereiro de 2021, recomendou a continuidade do monitoramento da galsulfase para mucopolissacaridose tipo VI, considerando a implementação recente da tecnologia no SUS.

Fifteen years of enzyme replacement therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome): a case report.

BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis VI, or Maroteaux-Lamy disease, is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by deficiency of the enzyme arylsulfatase B in the lysosomal catabolism of glycosaminoglycans. Due to reduced (or even null) enzyme activity, glycosaminoglycans (mainly dermatan sulfate) accumulates, leading to a multisystemic disease. Mucopolysaccharidosis VI induces reduced growth, coarse face, audiovisual deficits, osteoarticular deformities, and cardiorespiratory issues, hampering the quality of life of the patient. Enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase (Naglazyme, BioMarin Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA) is the specific treatment for this condition. Although studies have shown that enzyme replacement therapy slows the progression of the disease, the effects of long-term enzyme replacement therapy remain poorly understood. CASE PRESENTATION: A 29-year-old, Caucasian, male patient diagnosed with mucopolysaccharidosis VI was treated with enzyme replacement therapy for over 15 years. Enzyme replacement therapy was initiated when patient was 13 years old. The patient evolved multiplex dysostosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, thickened mitral valve, and hearing and visual loss. CONCLUSIONS: Although enzyme replacement therapy did not prevent the main signs of mucopolysaccharidosis VI, it slowed their progression. Additionally, enzyme replacement therapy was associated with a longer survival compared with the untreated affected sibling. Taken together, the results indicate that enzyme replacement therapy positively modified the course of the disease.

Oral treatment for mucopolysaccharidosis VI: Outcomes of the first phase IIa study with odiparcil.

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) disorders are a group of rare, progressive lysosomal storage diseases characterized by the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and classified according to the deficient enzyme. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) of MPS VI has limited effects on ophthalmic, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems. Odiparcil is an orally available small molecule that results in the synthesis of odiparcil-linked GAGs facilitating their excretion and reducing cellular and tissue GAG accumulation. Improve MPS treatment was a Phase 2a study of the safety, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of two doses of odiparcil in patients with MPS VI. The core study was a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients receiving ERT and an open-label, noncomparative, single-dose cohort not receiving ERT. Patients aged ≥ 16 years receiving ERT were randomized to odiparcil 250 or 500 mg twice daily or placebo. Patients without ERT received odiparcil 500 mg twice daily. Of 20 patients enrolled, 13 (65.0%) completed the study. Odiparcil increased total urine GAGs (uGAGs), chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate concentrations. A linear increase in uGAG levels and odiparcil exposure occurred with increased odiparcil dose. Odiparcil demonstrated a good safety and tolerability profile. Individual analyses found more improvements in pain, corneal clouding, cardiac, vascular, and respiratory functions in the odiparcil groups vs placebo. This study confirmed the mechanism of action and established the safety of odiparcil with clinical beneficial effects after only a short treatment duration in an advanced stage of disease. Further assessment of odiparcil in younger patients is needed.

MPS VI associated ocular phenotypes in an MPS VI murine model and the therapeutic effects of odiparcil treatment.

Maroteaux - Lamy syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type VI, MPS VI) is a lysosomal storage disease resulting from insufficient enzymatic activity for degradation of the specific glycosaminoglycans (GAG) chondroitin sulphate (CS) and dermatan sulphate (DS). Among the most pronounced MPS VI clinical manifestations caused by cellular accumulation of excess CS and DS are eye disorders, in particular those that affect the cornea. Ocular manifestations are not treated by the current standard of care, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), leaving patients with a significant unmet need. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we previously demonstrated the potential of the ß-D-xyloside, odiparcil, as an oral GAG clearance therapy for MPS VI. Here, we characterized the eye phenotypes in MPS VI arylsulfatase B deficient mice (Arsb-) and studied the effects of odiparcil treatment in early and established disease models. Severe levels of opacification and GAG accumulation were detected in the eyes of MPS VI Arsb- mice. Histological examination of MPS VI Arsb- eyes showed an aggregate of corneal phenotypes, including reduction in the corneal epithelium thickness and number of epithelial cell layers, and morphological malformations in the stroma. In addition, colloidal iron staining showed specifically GAG accumulation in the cornea. Orally administered odiparcil markedly reduced GAG accumulation in the eyes of MPS VI Arsb- mice in both disease models and restored the corneal morphology (epithelial layers and stromal structure). In the early disease model of MPS VI, odiparcil partially reduced corneal opacity area, but did not affect opacity area in the established model. Analysis of GAG types accumulating in the MPS VI Arsb- eyes demonstrated major contribution of DS and CS, with some increase in heparan sulphate (HS) as well and all were reduced with odiparcil treatment. Taken together, we further reveal the potential of odiparcil to be an effective therapy for eye phenotypes associated with MPS VI disease.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome): defining and measuring functional impacts in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Research about pediatric patients' perspective on mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) and its impact on daily life is limited. We aimed to identify the disease concepts of interest that most impact function and day-to-day life of pediatric patients with MPS VI, and to consider clinical outcome assessments (COAs) that may potentially measure meaningful improvements in these concepts. METHODS: Potential focus group participants were identified by the National MPS Society (USA) and invited to participate if they self-reported a clinician-provided diagnosis of MPS VI and were 4 to 18 years, receiving enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), and available to attend a 1-day focus group with their caregiver in Dallas, TX, USA. The focus group consisted of a series of polling and open-ended concept elicitation questions and a cognitive debriefing session. The discussion was audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed to identify disease concepts of interest and functional impacts most relevant to participants. RESULTS: Overall, caregivers (n = 9) and patients with MPS VI (n = 9) endorsed that although their children/they receive ERT, residual symptoms exist and impact health-related quality of life. The key disease concepts of interest identified were impaired mobility, upper extremity and fine motor deficits, pain, and fatigue. Pain was unanimously reported by all patients across many areas of the body and impacted daily activity. Key disease concepts were mapped to a selection of pediatric COAs including generic measures such as PROMIS®, PODCI, CHAQ, and PedsQL™. Caregivers endorsed the relevance of PODCI and PROMIS Upper Extremity, Mobility, and Pain items and all patients completed the NIH Toolbox Pegboard Dexterity Test. Additional COAs that aligned with the disease concepts included range of motion, the 2- and 6-min walk tests, timed stair climbs, Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition, grip strength, pain visual analog scale, and the Faces Pain Scale-Revised. CONCLUSION: An MPS VI focus group of pediatric patients and their caregivers identified impaired mobility, upper extremity and fine motor deficits, pain, and fatigue as key disease concepts of interest. These disease concepts were mapped to existing pediatric COAs, which were provided to the group for endorsement of their relevance.

Clinical and event-based outcomes of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis VI receiving enzyme replacement therapy in Turkey: a case series.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to describe clinical manifestations and events of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VI in Turkey who are treated with galsulfase enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). Clinical data of 14 children with MPS VI who were followed up at the Department of Pediatrics of the Gazi University Faculty of Medicine in Ankara, Turkey were retrospectively collected from the patients' medical records. Patients were selected based on availability of a pre-ERT baseline and follow-up clinical data for a similar period of time (1.9-3.2 years). Event data (occurrence of acute clinical events, onset of chronic events, surgeries) collected during hospital visits and telemedicine were available for up to 10 years after initiation of ERT (2.5-10 years). RESULTS: Age at initiation of ERT ranged from 2.8 to 15.8 years (mean age 7.5 years). All patients presented with reduced endurance and skeletal abnormalities (dysostosis multiplex) on radiography. Other common clinical manifestations were cardiac valve disease (N = 13), short stature (N = 11), cranial abnormalities on MRI (N = 10), spinal abnormalities on MRI (N = 7), and mild cognitive impairment (N = 6). School attendance was generally poor, and several patients had urinary incontinence. After 1.9 to 3.2 years of ERT, most patients showed improvements in endurance in the 6-min walk test and 3-min stair climb tests; the frequency of urinary incontinence decreased. ERT did not seem to prevent progression of cardiac valve disease, eye disorders, hearing loss, or bone disease. Long-term event-based data showed a high incidence of respiratory tract infections, adenotonsillectomy/adenoidectomy, reduced sleep quality, sleep apnea, and depression before initiation of ERT. The number of events tended to remain stable or decrease in all patients over 2.5-10 years follow-up. However, the nature of the events shifted over time, with a reduction in the frequency of respiratory tract infections and sleep problems and an increase in ophthalmologic events, ear tube insertions, and depression. CONCLUSIONS: This case series shows the high disease burden of the MPS VI population in Turkey and provides a unique insight into their clinical journey based on real-life clinical and event-based data collected before and after initiation of ERT.

Enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase for mucopolysaccharidosis type VI.

BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) or Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by the deficiency of arylsulphatase B. The resultant accumulation of dermatan sulphate causes lysosomal damage. The clinical symptoms are related to skeletal dysplasia (i.e. short stature and degenerative joint disease). Other manifestations include cardiac disease, impaired pulmonary function, ophthalmological complications, hepatosplenomegaly, sinusitis, otitis, hearing loss and sleep apnea. Intellectual impairment is generally absent. Clinical manifestation is typically by two or three years of age; however, slowly progressive cases may not present until adulthood. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with galsulfase is considered a new approach for treating MPS VI. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of treating MPS VI by ERT with galsulfase compared to other interventions, placebo or no intervention. SEARCH METHODS: Eletronic searches were performed on the Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Inborn Errors of Metabolism Trials Register. Date of the latest search:  09 June 2021. Further searches of the following databases were also performed: CENTRAL, MEDLINE, LILACS, the Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov. Date of the latest search: 20 August 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled clinical studies of ERT with galsulfase compared to other interventions or placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently screened the studies, assessed the risk of bias, extracted data and assessed the certainty of the the evidence using the GRADE criteria. MAIN RESULTS: One study was included involving 39 participants who received either ERT with galsulfase (recombinant human arylsulphatase B) or placebo. This small study was considered overall to have an unclear risk of bias in relation to the design and implementation of the study, since the authors did not report how both the allocation generation and concealment were performed. Given the very low certainty of the evidence, we are uncertain whether at 24 weeks there was a difference between groups in relation to the 12-minute walk test, mean difference (MD) of 92.00 meters (95% confidence interval (CI) 11.00 to 172.00), or the three-minute stair climb, MD 5.70 (95% CI -0.10 to 11.50). In relation to respiratory tests, we are uncertain whether galsulfase makes any difference as compared to placebo in forced vital capacity in litres (FVC (L) (absolute change in baseline), given the very low certainty of the evidence. Cardiac function was not reported in the included study. We found that galsulfase, as compared to placebo, may decrease urinary glycosaminoglycan levels at 24 weeks, MD -227.00 (95% CI -264.00 to -190.00) (low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether there are differences between the galsulfase and placebo groups in relation to adverse events (very low-certainty evidence). In general, the dose of galsulfase was well tolerated and there were no differences between groups. These events include drug-related adverse events, serious and severe adverse events, those during infusion, drug-related adverse events during infusion, and deaths. More infusion-related reactions were observed in the galsulfase group and were managed with interruption or slowing of infusion rate or administration of antihistamines or corticosteroids drugs. No deaths occurred during the study.   AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review are based only on one small study (a 24-week randomised phase of the study and prior to the open-label extension). We are uncertain whether galsulfase is more effective than placebo, for treating people with MPS VI, in relation to the 12-minute walk test or the three-minute stair climb, as the certainty of the evidence has been assessed as very low. We found that galsulfase may reduce urinary glycosaminoglycans levels. We are also uncertain whether there are any differences between treatment groups in relation to cardiac or pulmonary functions, liver or spleen volume, overnight apnea-hypopnea, height and weight, quality of life and adverse effects. Further studies are needed to obtain more information on the long-term effectiveness and safety of ERT with galsulfase.

Odiparcil, a potential glycosaminoglycans clearance therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis VI-Evidence from in vitro and in vivo models.

Mucopolysaccharidoses are a class of lysosomal storage diseases, characterized by enzymatic deficiency in the degradation of specific glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Pathological accumulation of excess GAG leads to multiple clinical symptoms with systemic character, most severely affecting bones, muscles and connective tissues. Current therapies include periodic intravenous infusion of supplementary recombinant enzyme (Enzyme Replacement Therapy-ERT) or bone marrow transplantation. However, ERT has limited efficacy due to poor penetration in some organs and tissues. Here, we investigated the potential of the ß-D-xyloside derivative odiparcil as an oral GAG clearance therapy for Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI, MPS VI). In vitro, in bovine aortic endothelial cells, odiparcil stimulated the secretion of sulphated GAG into culture media, mainly of chondroitin sulphate (CS) /dermatan sulphate (DS) type. Efficacy of odiparcil in reducing intracellular GAG content was investigated in skin fibroblasts from MPS VI patients where odiparcil was shown to reduce efficiently the accumulation of intracellular CS with an EC50 in the range of 1 µM. In vivo, in wild type rats, after oral administrations, odiparcil was well distributed, achieving µM concentrations in MPS VI disease-relevant tissues and organs (bone, cartilage, heart and cornea). In MPS VI Arylsulphatase B deficient mice (Arsb-), after chronic oral administration, odiparcil consistently stimulated the urinary excretion of sulphated GAG throughout the treatment period and significantly reduced tissue GAG accumulation in liver and kidney. Furthermore, odiparcil diminished the pathological cartilage thickening observed in trachea and femoral growth plates of MPS VI mice. The therapeutic efficacy of odiparcil was similar in models of early (treatment starting in juvenile, 4 weeks old mice) or established disease (treatment starting in adult, 3 months old mice). Our data demonstrate that odiparcil effectively diverts the synthesis of cellular glycosaminoglycans into secreted soluble species and this effect can be used for reducing cellular and tissue GAG accumulation in MPS VI models. Therefore, our data reveal the potential of odiparcil as an oral GAG clearance therapy for MPS VI patients.

[Cardiovascular findings and effects of enzyme replacement therapy in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI]. / Mukopolisakkaridoz tip VI'li çocuklarda kardiyovasküler bulgular ve enzim replasman tedavisinin etkisi.

OBJECTIVE: The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are an important group of lysosomal storage diseases. Commonly reported cardiac involvement includes mitral leaflet thickening and accompanying prolapsus, regurgitation, and rarely, stenosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac involvement in patients with MPS type VI. METHODS: The study included a total of 13 children with MPS type VI who were admitted to a single pediatric department between 2016 and 2018. Cardiac status was evaluated prospectively with clinical findings, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. The age of the patients (8 boys, 5 girls) ranged between 2 and 14 years (median: 9 years). RESULTS: No arrhythmia was observed in any patient. Thickening of the mitral valve with or without regurgitation and prolapsus was the most common lesion seen. Additional involvement of the aortic valve was detected in 12 (92.3%) patients, and additional involvement of the tricuspid valve in 4 (30.8%). Isolated septal hypertrophy was found in 2 patients, and congestive heart failure in another. CONCLUSION: Cardiac involvement is frequent in MPS. Mitral valve deformation is the most frequent finding. An echocardiographic examination should be performed periodically even if the patient has no clinical signs of cardiac disease, and any cardiac involvement should be kept under control with medical treatment.

Recommendations for the management of MPS VI: systematic evidence- and consensus-based guidance.

INTRODUCTION: Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VI or Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (253200) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency in N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (arylsulfatase B). The heterogeneity and progressive nature of MPS VI necessitates a multidisciplinary team approach and there is a need for robust guidance to achieve optimal management. This programme was convened to develop evidence-based, expert-agreed recommendations for the general principles of management, routine monitoring requirements and the use of medical and surgical interventions in patients with MPS VI. METHODS: 26 international healthcare professionals from various disciplines, all with expertise in managing MPS VI, and three patient advocates formed the Steering Committee group (SC) and contributed to the development of this guidance. Members from six Patient Advocacy Groups (PAGs) acted as advisors and attended interviews to ensure representation of the patient perspective. A modified-Delphi methodology was used to demonstrate consensus among a wider group of healthcare professionals with expertise and experience managing patients with MPS VI and the manuscript has been evaluated against the validated Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) instrument by three independent reviewers. RESULTS: A total of 93 guidance statements were developed covering five domains: (1) general management principles; (2) recommended routine monitoring and assessments; (3) enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT); (4) interventions to support respiratory and sleep disorders; (5) anaesthetics and surgical interventions. Consensus was reached on all statements after two rounds of voting. The greatest challenges faced by patients as relayed by consultation with PAGs were deficits in endurance, dexterity, hearing, vision and respiratory function. The overall guideline AGREE II assessment score obtained for the development of the guidance was 5.3/7 (where 1 represents the lowest quality and 7 represents the highest quality of guidance). CONCLUSION: This manuscript provides evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for the management of patients with MPS VI and is for use by healthcare professionals that manage the holistic care of patients with the intention to improve clinical- and patient-reported outcomes and enhance patient quality of life. It is recognised that the guidance provided represents a point in time and further research is required to address current knowledge and evidence gaps.

Enzyme replacement therapy outcomes across the disease spectrum: Findings from the mucopolysaccharidosis VI Clinical Surveillance Program.

The impact of galsulfase enzyme replacement therapy in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VI with phenotypes at either end of the disease spectrum was evaluated. The MPS VI Clinical Surveillance Program (CSP) was established to collect long-term observational data from routine clinical and laboratory assessments. A subanalysis of the CSP was performed in patients with pretreatment urinary glycosaminoglycan (uGAG) levels <100 µg/mg and ≥200 µg/mg creatinine (low- and high-uGAG) who had received galsulfase for ≥6 months. uGAG, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), 3-minute stair climb test (3MSCT), pulmonary function measures, height/growth, cardiac function, and safety were evaluated. Patients with a high-uGAG level at pre-treatment baseline (N = 68) showed greater impairments in endurance and pulmonary function than those with low-baseline uGAG levels (N = 39). From pre-treatment baseline, the distance walked on the 6MWT in the low- and high-uGAG groups increased by a mean (±SD) of 49 (±151) meters and 42 (±165) meters (median follow-up 5.5 and 7.7 years), respectively. The number of stairs/min climbed in the 3MSCT in the low- and high-uGAG groups increased by a mean of 18 (±33) and 30 (±45) (median follow-up 2.8 and 3.5 years), respectively. Overall, pulmonary function remained unchanged for both groups. No impact was seen on cardiac function. Galsulfase was generally well tolerated in both groups, with most adverse events being MPS-related complications unrelated to galsulfase. Results of this CSP sub-analysis suggest that galsulfase stabilizes MPS VI in the long-term and has an acceptable safety profile, regardless of baseline disease severity.

Clinical effectiveness of enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase in mucopolysaccharidosis type VI treatment: Systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Mucopolysaccharidosis VI is a rare disease characterized by the arylsulfatase B enzyme deficiency, which is responsible for different clinical manifestations. The treatment consists of enzyme replacement therapy with intravenous administration of galsulfase. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effectiveness of the enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase for the mucopolysaccharidosis VI treatment. METHOD: Systematic review of observational studies. The databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, and Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease were reviewed. The selection of studies, data mining, and methodological quality assessment were independently conducted by two authors. RESULTS: Eighteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Two studies were cohorts, one was longitudinal study, one was cross-sectional, one was a case-control, eight were case series, and five were case reports. A total of 362 participants with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI were evaluated, and 14 different outcomes related to the treatment effect were identified. Seven outcomes showed positive results, characterized by the patient survival, quality of life, respiratory function, joint mobility, physical resistance, reduction of urinary glycosaminoglycans, and growth. The hearing function and the cognitive development were stable after the treatment. Other outcomes related to the cardiac function, visual acuity, sleep apnea, and the size of the liver and spleen presented inconclusive outcomes. Concerning safety, light adverse reactions of hypersensitivity were reported. CONCLUSION: This review provided a broader panoramic view of the outcomes related to mucopolysaccharidosis type VI. Regardless of the inherent limitations of observational studies, the outcomes indicate that the enzyme replacement therapy has a positive effect on most of the outcomes associated to the disease.